The Longobards were a Germanic people originating from Scandinavia who gradually moved southeast, initially settling along the Danube and eventually invading Italy in the 6th century. Their migration into Italy began in 568 AD, when under the leadership of King Alboin, the Longobards crossed the Alps and settled in the northern part of the peninsula. Here they founded their kingdom with its capital in Pavia, marking the beginning of a significant period in Italian history.
The Lombard conquest of Italy was partial, as much of the peninsula was still under the control of the Byzantine Empire, particularly the area of the Exarchate of Ravenna and southern Italy. However, the Longobards managed to establish a solid dominion in the north and in some regions of central-southern Italy, such as Tuscany and Campania.
The Lombard kingdom reached its peak under King Liutprand (712-744 AD), who expanded the territories and strengthened central power. Despite internal tensions and constant external threats, such as from the Franks and the Byzantines, the Longobards managed to maintain control over much of the peninsula for over two centuries.
Lombard culture was deeply influenced by Germanic traditions, but over time it came under the influence of Roman and Christian civilization, leading to a fusion of customs and practices. The Longobards gradually adopted Christianity, transitioning from Arianism to Catholicism, and this process of Christianization was crucial for their integration into Italian society.
The Lombard kingdom came to an end in 774 AD when Charlemagne, king of the Franks, invaded Italy and defeated King Desiderius. With this victory, the Lombard territory was annexed to the Carolingian Empire, and Charlemagne proclaimed himself "King of the Longobards." However, the Lombard legacy survived in Italian culture and institutions, influencing the development of medieval society in Italy.
In summary, the Longobards played a crucial role in Italian history, not only as conquerors but also as key players in a process of cultural and political integration that helped shape the identity of the peninsula in the centuries that followed.
